Sifting for Chorasmian

Finding the Chorasmian glosses in Arabic manuscripts is not easy work. One has to closely examine numerous copies of the same work in order to find out whether some Chorasmian marginalia or short notes are present on a few folios, or not at all. While Yusuf Aǧa 5010, the main source of lexical material, has rather clearly-written glosses throughout, other copies of the Muqaddimat al-Adab have only a few, marginal Chorasmian words. Given just how many copies of that text exist, one doesn’t envy the scholars of previous generations who took it upon themselves to sift through thousands of folios in order to see if a given copy had any Chorasmian or not.

With British Library Add. MS 7429, a partial copy of the Muqaddima, David N. MacKenzie got rather lucky. There are Chorasmian glosses on the very first page, and only on that page, though tucked under and beside the more copious Persian glosses. One does wonder how far MacKenzie searched through the ms. before deciding there was no more Chorasmian to be found. Perhaps in a nod to that medieval scribe who wrote the Chorasmian, MacKenzie helpfully tucked his own announcement of the discovery of the glosses in this ms. and his edition thereof into a page in the middle of one of his reviews of Benzing’s Sprachmaterial (MacKenzie 1971: 524-525 “The Khwarezmian Glossary IV”). It was thus a while till I myself noticed this additional manuscript. A colophon for the section on particles (ḥurūf) dates Add. MS 7429 to Dhu ’l-Qa‘da 760 AH, or Oct. of 1359 CE—a date contemporary with the production of several other Chorasmian manuscripts.

Given that the glosses are so few, and the manuscript has been shared publicly by the BL, it will furnish a nice illustration of how Chorasmian glosses to the Muqaddima actually look. This particular ms. is glossed throughout in Persian and also has a few pages with glosses in what was then called “Eastern Turkish”, that is, Khwarezmian Turkic or early Chagatay.

BL Add. 7429 fol. 1v, first page of the Muqaddimat al-Adab. Chorasmian glosses marked by numbers in green.
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Some 10th-century Arabic Reports on Chorasmian

Ibn Faḍlān, judging the way Chorasmian sounds

Ibn Faḍlān (d. 960), Risāla

وهم أوحش الناس كلاماً وطبعاً كلامهم أَشبه شيء بصياح الزرازير وبها قرية على يوم يقال لها أَردكو أَهلها يقال لهم أُلكردلية كلامهم أَشبه شيءٍ بنقيق الضفادع

“[The Khwarizmians] are the most barbarous of people, both in speech and customs. Their language sounds like the cries of starlings. In their country there is a village one day’s journey away called Ardakuwa, whose inhabitants are known as Kardaliyya, and their speech sounds like the croaking of frogs.”

What Ibn Faḍlān gives as Ardakuwa (اردكو) may refer to the town al-Maqdisi calls Ardh-Khiva, located to the southeast of the main settlement of Kath (or may not; I haven’t seen it explained anywhere, though). That the inhabitants of this Ardakuwa should be called “Kardaliyya” is not clear—perhaps Ibn Faḍlān combined here reference to inhabitants of a different town, Kurdar, in the northeast of Khwarizm?

Source: Ibn Faḍlān, Risālat Ibn Faḍlān, edited by Sāmī Dahhān (Damascus, 1959), p. 82

Ibn Ḥawqal (d. ca. 978), Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ

وهم أكثر أهل خراسان انتشارا وسفرا، وليس بخراسان مدينة [كبيرة] إلّا وفيها من أهل خوارزم جمع كثير، ولسان أهلها مفرد بلغتهم وليس بخراسان لسان على لغتهم

"[the Khwarizmians] are the most widespread and widely-traveld people of Khurāsān, and there is no city in Khurāsān that does not have a large group of Khwarizmians, and their language is unique to them, no other like it is spoken in Khurāsān"

Source: Ibn Ḥawqal, Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ, edited by J. H. Kramer (Leiden, 1938), vol. 2, pp. 477–478, 481–482.

al-Maqdisī (d. 991), Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī ma‘rifat al-aqālīm

لسان اهل خوارزم لا يُفهم
“The language of the people of Khwarizm cannot be understood”

In other words, Chorasmian was to al-Maqdisī not similar to Persian, many different varieties of which he mentions in his work.

Source: Basil Anthony Collins, translator, The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Reading, 1994), p. 272; ed. M. F. de Goeje, Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, Vol. 3, (Leiden, 1877, rev. 1906)